Labor Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Work Law - Assignment Example The center of OSHA is its obligation regarding contamination (Peterson and Cohen, 1996). Its controllers direct reviews and examinations to decide the consistence status with wellbeing and wellbeing guidelines and norms. In the event that a work refer to is recognized with resistance, at that point the business faces a punishment. Following its initiation, OSHA has been a focal point of discussions, with organizations griping of excessively unbending, bureaucratic, and difficult to understand guidelines, making consistence troublesome. As indicated by Lombard and Pynes, 2011, the Human asset Department plays a significant obligation in guaranteeing representative security and wellbeing as they comprehend the work environment and the worker requests. They should know how and when to utilize existing assets to make a move to worker concerns. They should co-work with social insurance experts by taking an interest in the consistence procedure. The office ought to suggest that the wellbeing organization’s methods and approaches address territories of unique worry as featured in the OSHA law. A considerable lot of these zones fall in their specialization including dangers, for example, charging of administrations and things not rendered, up coding, offering therapeutically unnecessary types of assistance, unbundling, and outpatient administrations offered in relationship with inpatient remains. To accomplish consistence, HR division should actualize arrangements and systems which guarantee that charging and coding depend on convenient and exact clinical records, and that there is a procedure for detailing genuine infringement by wellbeing experts with the goal that any conscious life dangers can be very much followed (Peterson and Cohen, 1996). The division ought to likewise teach the representatives on their privileges to convey so that there is a decrease of any expected maltreatment, waste, and extortion. The correspondence culture can be energized by: declaring to laborers that they report episodes of extortion through organization arrangements tending to secrecy, privacy, and non-reprisal, adequately

Neanderthals Essays - Stone Age, Human Evolution, Hominini

Neanderthals Neanderthals I have never truly had an enthusiasm for religion and the convictions it is made of. This all leaves me befuddled at times. Religion clarifies the formation of mankind, since I have no strict convictions then where does this leave me in considered where I originated from? As a matter of fact it left me no where. I have quite recently as of late taken a human sciences class the second semester of my first year at Montgomery College. I am simply know increasing a faith in where and when man was made. Simply think, a great many people are imparted with religion from the get-go throughout everyday life, for the most part by their guardians or the schools that there guardians make the go to at an early age. I have consistently been to difficult to tune in to anything my folks needed to state, driving me to discover things for myself. I have just had the option to tune in and comprehend things that I like and tuning in to my human sciences educator was something that I could comprehend and delighted in tuning in to. He was the person who originally acquainted me with Neanderthals. Numerous Anthropologists accept that Neanderthals were in certainty an immediate predecessor to present day man. In this way giving Anthropologists a thought of where we began. Then again a few Anthropologists imagine that the Neanderthals had no connection to present day man. Through the examine that I have done, there is little information that bolsters that Neanderthals were in reality progenitors, however there is a distinct bigger measure of information that underpins that they are not progenitors of man. The vast majority of the data that upheld that Neanderthals were immediate progenitors has been seen as mistaken through research and innovation. In 1856 at the Feldhofer Cave, Germany, Neanderthal Man acquainted himself with the world demonstrated by Turnbaugh, Jurmain, Nelson, Kilgore in the seventh release of Understanding Physical Human sciences and Archeology. Named after the valley where he was found (Neander Tal), this primate would send anthropologists frantic for more than 100 a long time. They were at first however of as inept animals with clubs and mammoth like attributes. French Paleontologist, Marcelin Boule was the maker of this confusion about the Neanderthals. Boule announce that these primates were unintelligent because of their low-browed minds and that the main thing that they could make is their devices and very little else. Boule accepted that the mammoth strolled twisted need and head anticipating forward with his enormous toe like a chimpanzee. Later it is found out that in certainty his confusion about the monster controlled him wrong in his assessment of the older primate. All things considered the bones that he analyzed was injured and had experienced joint pain, over looked by Boule. A few Anthropologists accept that it is practically difficult to miss the proof of joint pain on the old keeps an eye on bones since it is so evident to see. In any case, Boule's investigation left a lasting scar on the Neanderthals picture that would not be changed until numerous years after the fact (307). As of late analysts have effectively concentrate and succession DNA from a Neanderthal fossil. A little bit of bone from the clever was expelled from the first Neandertal Vally fossil what's more, contrasted with various other DNA tests. Unmistakable evidence can not be resolved from one arrangement of a person, in certainty new information driving for Neanderthals: demonstrating that they were a part of the human family, not an immediate predecessor. The outcomes from the tests demonstrate that the Neanderthal DNA is impressively not quite the same as the other DNA that was tried. The other DNA that was tried was from Humans just as chimpanzees. From the outcome of these DNA tests, scientists remain by the view that Neanderthals exist as an animal types autonomous from early present day man. In this manner satisfying the name of Neanderthals as a transformative impasse (Science 176-178). Mitochondria is a significant cell that at long last decided the connection among man and Neanderthals (Newman 1999). There is likewise a social difference between the Neanderthals and Homo sapiens (early present day man) showed by Turnbaugh, Jurmain, Nelson, Kilgore in the seventh release of Understanding Physical Humanities and Archeology. These distinctions set them apart as it were that reveals to us how they lived and characterizes the distinction in the two. Device innovation for the benefit of the Neanderthals was less best in class. Drop instruments were utilized for explicit furthermore, hardly any activities. Bone, horn, and ivory were utilized rarely. Most devices had just a couple of parts. While the Homo sapiens were utilizing a wide verity of stone devices. Utilizing bone, horn and ivory as regularly as conceivable. Just as having a lot more apparatuses with at least two sections. Chasing is another

Is Valentines Day a Fake Holiday

Is Valentines Day a Fake Holiday Is Valentines Day a Fake Holiday? Is Valentines Day a Fake Holiday?Would you believe that Valentines Day got its start 2,000 years ago as a drunken Roman fertility festival?Last year, Americans spent almost 20 billion dollars on Valentine’s Day. And sure, a lot of them got in good with their respective partners and boos. But was that really money well spent?After all, isn’t Valentine’s Day a fake holiday invented by Big Greeting Card to sell, well, cards and also chocolates and candy and stuffed teddy bears and restaurant reservations and carriage rides? (Don’t even get us started on Big Carriage Ride.)Actually, no. Valentine’s Day wasn’t “invented by the greeting card companies.” It has a long and storied history. And so does the charge that Valentine’s Day is becoming “too commercialized.” People have been saying that for well over 150 years.Here’s how it all went down…Valentine’s Day 1.0 was a wild and crazy Roman fertility festival.Back in the glory days of the Roman Empire, Roman citi zens had this little fertility festival called “Lupercalia.” It was celebrated from February 13thâ€"15th and involved sacrificing various animals like goats and dogs.Oh, and women would also get whipped by the men using the hides of the animals they had just killed. Apparently, it was supposed to make them fertile.Would it surprise you to learn that this festival involved a lot of drinking?The festival also had, ahem, interesting features like a matchmaking lottery” where men and women would be randomly paired up, sort of like a proto-key party.All in all, the affair was extremely Roman. But other than the “fertility” theme, it bore little resemblance to modern Valentine’s Day.So what happened? Well, the festival was popular enough that it lasted well into the 5th century AD, which is when the Catholic Church got involved.Pope Gelasius I and the mystery of the multiple Saint Valentines.In the 5th century AD, Pope Gelasius I was faced with a popular holiday that did not e xactly reflect good Christian ideals. So he created the feast of Saint Valentine. This holiday would also be celebrated in mid-February, and Lupercalia was essentially absorbed into it.But here’s the funny thing about that: nobody is really sure which Saint Valentine the feast day is meant to celebrate.You see, there were a couple of saints named Valentine, both of whom were put to death by the Romans. And even their origin stories are kind of murky.One legend says that Valentine was a priest who was put to death because he refused to stop marrying Christian couples. Another legend said that Valentine was a prisoner who fell in love with his jailer’s blind daughter.It’s very likely that the Saint Valentine commemorated by the feast day was an amalgam of these different figures. Still, it’s a little funny to think about a holiday where nobody understands what or who is being celebrated.Like Arbor Day. People say that holiday’s about “trees” or something. But that … no that just can’t be right. Sorry.The Middle Ages, Chaucer, and “Your Valentine.”As the Middle Ages progressed, Valentine’s Day gained a reputation for being the lover’s holiday.Some scholars credit the famed English poet Chaucer as the man who turned Valentine’s Day into the  day to celebrate romantic love. (You might remember Chaucer from freshman year English and literally no place else.) In his poem, Parliament of Foules, Chaucer asserts that Valentine’s Day is the day when birds choose their mates.One of the earliest recorded uses of “Your Valentine” as a romantic sign-off came in 1415, in a letter sent by the Duke of Orleans to his wife after he had been captured at the Battle of Agincourt. He wrote: “I am already sick of love, My very gentle Valentine.”(Being “sick of love” doesn’t sound very romantic, just saying.)And speaking of Agincourt, William Shakespeare referenced Valentine’s Day in his little-known and rarely performed play  Hamlet. When Ophelia goes off her rocker, she sings: “Tomorrow is Saint Valentine’s day, All in the morning betime, And I a maid at your window, To be your Valentine.”Anyway, before we go on and quote half the Western Canon at you, let’s skip ahead to the time when Valentine’s Day started getting commercialized…Victorians. Loved. Valentine’s Day.By the latter half of the 18th century, the tradition of sending romantic Valentine’s Day poems to your partner/the person you would like to be your partner had become culturally entrenched in England. Along with the poems, it was tradition to send your love an actual Valentineaka a fancy card done up with colors and lace.Turns out that the notion of celebrating romantic or “courtly” love was catnip to Victorian society. And as printing technology improved, so did the number of pre-made Valentines.By the 1840’s, stationery stores and craftsmen had realized that they could make a pretty penny on Valentine’s Day and would advertise their Valentine’s Day cards and other wares in the local papers.People started to take notice of how commercialized Valentine’s Day was getting. In 1847, an article ran in the New York Daily Tribune decrying this newfangled, money-grubbing version of the holiday:“There was a time when Valentine’s Day meant something. Then it was a business of real lovers and there was sweetness under its delicate shy disguise We hate this modern degeneracy, this miscellaneous and business fashion. Send a Valentine by the penny post too? Bah! Give us the sweet old days when there was a mystery about it.”The holiday only got more commercial from there.In 1848, a Massachusetts woman named Esther Howland started making the first ever mass-produced Valentine’s Day cards. Her sales quickly rose to over $75,000 a year. That’s over 2 million in today’s dollars.In 1861, the British chocolate maker Richard Cadbury started selling special boxes of Valentine’s Day chocolates. Can you guess ho w those boxes were shaped? That’s right: They were shaped like hearts.Fast forward to the 20th century. In 1907, the Hershey’s Company introduced their now-iconic chocolate kisses. And in 1913, the Hallmark Company started selling their own brand of Valentine’s Day cards.So the next time someone tells you that Big Greeting Card invented Valentine’s Day, you can tell them that “Big Greeting Card” was half-a-century late to that particular party.If you want to read more stories from financial history, check out these related posts and videos from OppLoans:How Much Do People in Your State Spend on Valentine’s Day?The 12 Worst Financial Scandals In History25 Little-Known Presidential Money FactsGive Me Some Credit: The History of Modern Credit CardsWhat kinds of financial histories would you like to learn more about? We  want to hear from you!  You can  email us  or you can find us on  Facebook  and  Twitter.

Sociology and Globalisation Essay - 2142 Words

Many historians and sociologists have identified a transformation in the economic processes of the world and society in recent times. There has been an extensive increase in developments in technology and the economy as a whole in the twentieth century. Globalization has been recognized as a new age in which the world has developed into what Giddens identifies to be a â€Å"single social system† (Anthony Giddens: 1993 ‘Sociology’ pg 528), due to the rise of interdependence of various countries on one another, therefore affecting practically everyone within society. In this essay I will give a detailed explanation of what sociologists mean by the term ‘globalisation’ and how they have tried to explain it. Globalisation can†¦show more content†¦When examining economic globalisation, the first issue which comes to mind is world trade. Where some sociologists argue that globalisation is a beneficial and positive process, many argue that it is the only road available. It can be argued that globalisation creates an environment which consists of greed, class interest and profit-making. This is the view that James Petras and Henry Veltmeyer hold in their book â€Å"Gobalisation unmasked† 2001 (web link- http://www.spectrezine.org/reviews/Petras.htm). Sociologists argue that globalisation as a theory offers a rationale for the greater access of national economies by transnational corporations. Society around the world is now using the same products which once were only sold in one country. Food from different continents is an example which is also now extending from one country into others, eg the McDonalds restaurant. Most sociologists have recognised that it is the transnational corporations that have shaped the international economy and they are the main driving force of the globalisation process. Products such as Coca Cola, Levi jeans and Kodak film are now available on an international scale. The key goal of these corporations is to gain market advantage over rivals and so they decide to locateShow MoreRelatedBriefly Outline the Distinctive Features of the Sociological Approach to Understanding Human Life and the Illustrate How You Would Use Sociology to Make Sense of Globalisation.1554 Words   |  7 PagesSociology is the systematic, sceptical and critical study of the way that people do things together .It’s not a science that simply lists facts and figures about society. Instead it becomes a form of consciousness, a way of thinking, a critical way of seeing the world. It welcomes you to challenge the obvious, to question the world as it is taken for granted and to de-familiarising the familiar. This is what empowers critical thinking which triggers the development of the understanding of the humanRead MoreThe Sociology Of Health And Illness1292 Words   |  6 Pagesthat Medical sociology or the sociology of health and illness is majorly based on the empiricist philosophy which uses the measurement of objectives for quantitative change. Lupton (2012) traces that early in its development, medical sociology inherited rationalist approach for its acceptance as semi-scientific methodology and by virtue of which is considered as a component of social medicine rather than critical sociology and the consequentRead MoreRaising a Global Kid in Today’s Modern Society949 Words   |  4 PagesRaising a Global Kid in today’s Modern Society Peter L. Berger, a renowned American sociologist perceives the study of Sociology as believing that the world is not what it appears to be1, whereby sociology explores the mere surface of social issues plaguing the world today. Studying sociology will see oneself analysing the relationship between an individual and social structures established in the world today, and therefore the possibility of making change in society based upon these drawn relationshipsRead MoreThe Phenomenon That Changed Society1042 Words   |  5 Pagesstructure, social interaction and behaviour specifically in the industrialised world. This focus is known as sociology, the study which seeks to understand important social phenomena, a major one being globalisation; the social process which shortens distance between countries by eliminating constricting factors and resulting in a well-connected society. One specific concept that falls under globalisation is the theory developed by a German sociologist, Max Webe r in the 1800s known as the Rationalistic TheoryRead MoreThe Arguments And Conflict For Public Sociology Essay1496 Words   |  6 Pagespublic sociology. The main focus is to see the consequences for public sociology by exploring three key points .Public sociology encompasses the working together of the sociologist, the academic and the public to identify and resolve issues that confront the communities and attempt to improve their well-being. These issues may have to do with the effects of globalisation on the environment, multi- national corporations, social justice and civil society. There is a need for a public sociology that valuesRead MoreThe widespread image of American culture is seen to hold a strong base for globalisation. The1000 Words   |  4 PagesThe widespread image of American culture is seen to hold a strong base for globalisation. The extensive connectivity of the modern world, confirms Marshal McLuhans prediction of the global village. Globalisation is commonly seen as western culture imputing international cultures. Internet and television have also created transnational media whereas globalisation is commonly seen as a flow of information impending of western culture. Whereas, how will the younger generation will not be able to enjoyRead MoreStudent s Social Background And Their Connections Within Society1531 Words   |  7 Pagesregards education being concerned with the transmission of culture, values, beliefs, knowledge and skills (2013,p166). Social insights into learner’s backgrounds can expose how and why student’s act and think in a particular way. Developmentally the sociology of education has provided numerous theories, the functionalist perspective, the conflict perspective, Forms of Capital and the Virtual Backpack Theory, which contributes to and underpin the skills teachers can employ into their learning environmentsRead More What is Globalisation? The word globalisation can be defined as having1101 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is Globalisation? The word globalisation can be defined as having many meanings. What is Globalisation? The word â€Å"globalisation† can be defined as having many meanings, depending on how one wish to interpret the true meaning of globalisation. Primarily, it can be seen as an economic phenomenon, which over the years has integrated national economic systems through international trade and investment. In general it can be used to describe the increased pace of interconnectivity thatRead MoreIs Globalisation a Myth or a Fact?1455 Words   |  6 Pagesterm globalisation describes the process of becoming worldwide in scope or application, and the increasing interdependency of nation-sates. At least - that gives us one loose definition for globalisation, but as Scholte (2000) realises, globalisation is a thoroughly contested subject, with arguments extend across the issue of definition as well as measurement, chronology, explanation and normative judgement. In fact, Scholte identifies five contrasting definitions for the word globalisation asRead More Is Globalisation a Myth or a Fact? Essay1447 Words   |  6 Pagesterm globalisation describes the process of becoming worldwide in scope or application, and the increasing interdependency of nation-sates. At least - that gives us one loose definition for globalisation, but as Scholte (2000) realises, globalisation is a thoroughly contested subject, with argumen ts extend across the issue of definition as well as measurement, chronology, explanation and normative judgement. In fact, Scholte identifies five contrasting definitions for the word globalisation as used

Career Path Investigation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2652 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/02/05 Category Career Essay Level High school Tags: Career Path Essay Did you like this example? The capability to work together and to communicate between different agencies is vital in protecting society and fighting crime on a daily basis. Whether it be a police officer, a probation officer or a correctional officer, each department needs to communicate with each other. With communication, there are no conflicts of interest and justice can be achieved. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Career Path Investigation" essay for you Create order Communication between all of the agencies and departments can be difficult because all agencies have different ways of doing things, sometimes working different schedules, but it can also be very beneficial because of the varied assortment of skills and resources each agency has (Gasior, 2017). When talking about legal searches, law enforcement must work with each other to guarantee that the process goes as smoothly as possible. A lot of times cases are dismissed because the evidence collected by a police officer was without a warrant or probable cause and therefore, it was inadmissible in court. In the case of obtaining a warrant, the officer would work with a judge to obtain it. This generally isnt required if the officer has reason to believe that his/her or the publics life is at risk or if illegal imports such as drugs are in plain view. For a probation officer, a warrant is not needed to search the probationer or the property, but there does have to be reasonable grounds for the search to be considered legal. Often times probationers will agree to warrantless searches as a circumstance of being granted probation. If the probationer refuses to be searched, the probation officer and local police assistance, can arrest the probationer and send them back to jail. For a p rison guard, a warden must be present when conducting searches in the inmates’ rooms. (Gasior, 2017). As an example of multi-agency partnership, suppose a police officer gets a call for a welfare check for a John Carsin, 42 years old. The police database tells the officer that Carsin has been to prison for possession of narcotics but has been released on parole. The officer goes to the address listed and knocks on the door, John Carsin answers. Instantly after the door opens the officer smells a strong odor of marijuana coming from the house. Carsin appears to be fine at the moment but now the officers have a suspicion that there could be drugs in the house. The officer at the scene makes sure Carsin is okay and leaves but later calls Carsin’s probation officer. The police officer that went to the residence tells John’s probation officer about his suspicion and they work together to obtain evidence to build a case. They eventually see a judge to obtain a warrant. Once the warrant is approved, they search Carsin’s house as per his probation agreement and find drug s of some sort in his house. Carsin is then arrested and sent back to jail for violating his parole. In a case where a police officer was conducting an investigation involving an incarcerated prisoner, the police officer would have to speak to the prison guard because he or she would be overseeing the situation directly. The prison guard would have certain reports about the imprisoned such as if any contraband was found in the cell or what kind of person he or she is inside prison and if they have made progress in rehabilitation. A probation officer would conduct the investigation and collect the pre-sentence report. According to lawfacts.com, the purpose of the pre-sentence report is to have a record of the offenders’ personal history along with his financial and medical records. Then, the probation officer would have to collaborate with credit reporting agencies, as well as any medical or mental health professionals that the offender could have been seeing. In addition to this, he would also need to get information from the victim who the perpetrator burglarized to see what kind of harm had come to them. When the report is finished, it would be handed to the judge, so then he/she could decide what kind of sentence to enforce. The probation officer could also work with the police department to see if the defendant has any prior convictions. Without any of agencies working together it would be very difficult for a single agency to get anything done. The court couldn’t enforce a law if the police didn’t find people breaking it. Probation officers wouldn’t have a job if there were no people getting out of jail. In the case of Estelle v. Gamble, Gamble was an inmate who sustained an injury in his back during manual labor. When he complained about the pain, the doctors didn’t think anything of it even when he was seen 17 times in 3 months. They gave him some pills for high blood pressure and heart issues then they told him he would be fine. However, the pain not only persisted but it got worse. He filed a lawsuit against the corrections department for not giving him better care and forcing him to continue to work despite his health conditions. After being the lowest priority for years the case finally made its way to the supreme court in 1976. The case was ruled in Gambles favor because it was in violation of the eight-amendment involving â€Å"torture or a lingering death†. The case of Estelle v. Gamble changed the view of health care for those incarcerated. Even if they didn’t have most rights like most, they would at least have the right to their own health. After putting these findings together regarding the differences in how each branch communicates with each other, I think being a police officer would be the best fit for me. I would like to be the first to respond to crime or accident, whatever the case may be and help keep people safe even if they think it is the worst day of their life. I find the service that police officers provide to society and the personal satisfaction they get for doing a job that doesn’t always get thanked is a very special kind of reward. With times changing, technology is changing twice as fast. It’s being used for good and bad, in my opinion. Criminals are getting advanced in its uses, such as cybercrime or even using the internet to find records of victim addresses or medical records. We have been living in a digital age and as time goes on, the human race is only going to be more dependent on technology, where almost all information is public record. Law enforcement must be ahead of the game at all times. With the disbursement of city funding and sometimes federal grants, law enforcement agencies are able to purchase useful gear that is essential in fighting crime (Sweeney, 2012). The police officer assigned to the burglary investigation has a variety of different tools to help him conduct a thorough investigation. Crime lights are useful to detect DNA such as fingerprints, footprints, fibers, hair and any kind of body fluid. These traces of DNA left at a crime scene would make it easier to solve a crime because the actor(s) could be pinned at the scene with almost no questions asked because there is legitimate proof. There is also a device called an electrostatic dust lifter (EDL) that can lift a hand or footprint off a surface (Bureau). The area or item that is associated with the crime is dusted with a chemical powder and the EDL camera reveals where the print is, this camera and powder has many appearances on crime scene shows. This technology is based on an existing concept, which is using clear adhesive tape to lift prints off a surface. Having a device that can do this same process in less time. For bodily fluids, officers can use a cotton swab and dab the fluids to collect DNA, putting the cotton swab then in a container to keep the sample safe. This sample is then processed with the help of a police database that would have records of offenders. These clues are photographed with a high definition camera that can capture all of the detail, then they along with the other instruments used to collect information, are sent to the forensic lab for analysis. Prison guards dont have as many technological tools as police officers but the tools they do have in order help them in avoiding people from smuggling drugs or weapons into the correctional facilities. During visitation, all visitors have to sign paperwork which includes their information along with how they are related to the inmate they are there to see. Along with that information, they are passed under either a metal detector or a wand or some of the newer facilities have a full body scanner similar to the ones they have at the airports. This would detect any weapons or contraband on the person. As stated, there are not many devices as of now, but with technology changing almost every day, in the future, there are more possibilities. The probation officer can use a GPS tracking device which then has a â€Å"sister† module attached to the probationer in the form of a bracelet that is either worn on either wrist or ankle. These devices are used when someone is under house arrest. The bracelet can notify the probation officer if the probationer tries to remove it or if he/she is attempting to leave the perimeter agreed upon before being in the real world. It would also help in knowing if the probationer was near any crime scene or anywhere, they shouldn’t be. The probation officer could also use the internet to monitor probationers through social media, monitoring emails and even installing a program on phones that show internet browser history and text messages received and sent. In the case of United States v. Jones, the use of the GPS tracker was the key in finding the vehicle that was used in drug trafficking. Law enforcement was able to use satellites and track the movement of the vehicle. This has made it easier to safely monitor criminal activity from a distance and collect evidence at the same time. It is fact that Jones used his wife’s car to transport drugs and when he was caught, he tried to fight the law enforcement system as a way to try to bail himself out of a life-changing criminal offense (United States 2012). Out of all three branches that use technology to fight crime and figure out investigations, I would have to say that the police officer has the most revolutionary technology and has a massive need for upgrades and the continuing need to have updated technology. I would be very interested in learning about how DNA is discovered at crime scenes and the way it is extracted using the alternate light sources and the electrostatic dust lifter to then run in a lab, tracing back to a possible criminal. Also, in the case of Kyllo v. United States the police used thermal imaging to distinguish marijuana inside a home. These utensils are the vital parts and the future to fighting crime. In law enforcement, honesty is the best and most critical policy because if the system can’t be honest, they can’t expect people who see things or are involved to be either. That is something that is expected in all law enforcement officials regardless of any circumstances. I have done my share of lying in life, but when I decided to become a dispatcher as a potential lifetime career, I promised myself that I would always speak the truth and I would be one hundred percent transparent with everyone no matter how hard the situation may be. When I was asked about drugs and alcohol I instantly said no regardless if they wanted to believe me based on my appearance. Generally, I am looked at differently because of tattoos, which really is unfortunate. What the interviewers didn’t know is I’m unable to even drink socially due to the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis, yet I was still judged. Keeping my integrity is more important than getting the job I want due to m y appearance. In the case of the uniform police officer. The international association of police chiefs published the code of ethics in 1989. It states, â€Å"I will never act officiously or permit personal feelings, prejudices, political beliefs, aspirations, animosities or friendships to influence my decisions.† This code prohibits officers of the law from receiving favors or gifts anything else that would make them turn a blind eye or appear to be biased in his or her decision to do the job ethically. In this case, the officer should turn down the freebie and pay for the sandwich. He must also efficiently explain why it is wrong for him to receive any kind of freebie so that the deli owner knows and does not attempt this in the future with him or any other law enforcement official. The American corrections association which was put together in 1974, is where prison guards get their ethics from. The ACA was founded with the intent to make facility operations such as inmate care, correctional programs, justice, and management better. Correctional officers are expected to uphold these codes of ethics and strive to advance effort with each section. In this case, the prison guard should not let his personal ties with the inmate stop him from doing his job. He should report him to his superior, so a punishment can be ordered, and proper rehabilitation can occur. Correctional officers need to have an impartial approach or the whole system would be corrupt. Police officers must follow the fourth amendment. This is because it would protect the probationer from unreasonable searches and seizures. It does not apply to a probation officer because as per the terms and conditions of probation, a probationer must agree to a search at any time. For a police officer, it is different because he or she must have reasonable suspicion or probable cause in order to perform a search. The police officer must also present his suspicions and evidence to the judge and obtain a warrant to attempt a search (Vanek 2015). In the case of Ashcroft v. Iqbal, the respondent, Iqbal, believed that his first and fifth amendment rights were violated because of his race and religion. A similar case took place not too long ago which was the case of Bell Atlantic v Twombly, which established the plausibility standard for all civil cases (Marshall 2010). The case made an enormous impact on civil cases all over America involving any discrimination and gave equal employment opportunities. Plausible, or reasonable, standards allow judges to use their own educational and career experiences to determine if cases have enough evidence to change them from conceivable to plausible (Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 2009). Based on my research, I would say the job of a police officer is more in line with my ethical beliefs because I like to enforce laws or rules and I would like to be an example of what an honest and fair police officer is like. In case there are any officers who don’t share the same view and would accept gratuity in exchange for a â€Å"get out of jail free card† to a crime or a small law infraction, I would take the opportunity to bring them on the right path or report them to my supervisor. Honestly is important, especially in law enforcement, because as mentioned before, we can’t expect people to follow the laws if we as law enforcement officials are breaking them ourselves. I have learned a lot and have been diversified by the different opinions of my peers but, I will be sticking with the decision of trying to become a police officer in the future because I want to be there on the front lines, protecting and serving the public.

Legal Drinking Age English Essay Rough Draft Free Essays

Alcohol is used for many reasons among people. Teenagers and underage drinkers are known to drink for the following; rebellion, peer pressure, celebration, insomnia, anxiety, sadness, and boredom are just a few. Currently, the legal drinking age is 21. We will write a custom essay sample on Legal Drinking Age English Essay Rough Draft or any similar topic only for you Order Now I’m not sure what the reasoning is behind this law, but if drinking is lowered to 18, I’m positive the underage drinking percentage would decrease drastically. Freedom. That’s what America is known for; Land of the free. When you turn 18, your legally considered an adult. You can buy cigarettes, you can vote, you can get married, buy pornography, have babies, and join, fight, and die for your country. So if your considered mature enough to have all of these responsibilities, shouldn’t you be able to consume alcohol too? The legal drinking age has been set at 21. The government set the legal drinking age to 21 to prevent drunk driving and other problems they blame on irresponsible drinking. The government shouldn’t decide when someone is responsible to drink because even many â€Å"adults† aren’t responsible enough to know their limits. Drunk driving classes and alcohol consumption classes should be taught in schools so kids have an understanding on what alcohol can lead to and how to drink responsibly. Turning 21 doesn’t make you any more responsible or knowledgeable about alcohol than at age 18. Lowering the drinking age to 18 would help because there would be less underage drinkers and less of a need to feel mature and accepted by teens. A study shows that 87% of high school seniors have consumed alcohol. This means that from the ages 17-19 people are already drinking. Seniors in high school and other underage drinkers consume alcohol for many reasons. Rebellion, celebration, peer pressure, insomnia, anxiety and boredom are just a few reasons, however, the biggest reason is rebellion. Teenagers don’t feel like they are being treated fairly by the government because they are considered adults and they are being denied the right to drink, so they rebel. Not only do they rebel to make a point but they are rebelling because of the excitement they get when they know they are breaking the law and also because drinking is a symbol of â€Å"adulthood†. A study conducted by Dr. Ruth Engs shows that drinking is more exciting when its illegal and that we as Americans should be more focused on safe drinking instead of age restrictions. If the drinking age was to be lowered to 18, the temptation to drink would decrease because it would be accepted and people would no longer get that excitement and thrill from breaking the law. The U. S. government is concerned about the number of drunk drivers and irresponsible drinking so they made the legal drinking age higher. If you look at Britain, they don’t have a drinking age and France has a minimum drinking age of 8; neither of which having a problem with drunk driving. On the other hand, America has a minimum drinking age of 21 and our problem with drunk driving is considered to be the worst in the industrialized world. We can see that the 21 minimum drinking age is having a negative effect on the U. S. , yet we keep it the same and expect different results. Lowering the drinking age to 18 will make it so there are less irresponsible drinking and underage drinkers. 18-year-olds will have a feeling of adulthood and they will feel accepted. I think drinking will become more casual and social more than it is now and people will have less temptation to drink heavily and irresponsibly. How to cite Legal Drinking Age English Essay Rough Draft, Essays

Panic Disorder Essays - Anxiety Disorders, Psychiatric Diagnosis

Panic Disorder The purpose of this paper is to understand Panic Disorder and symptoms, types of the disorder, treatment, and relation to other disorders and how it affects people in general. Included, is a case study of ?Sarah? who suffered with a panic disorder. Panic Disorder is when someone experiences unexpected panic attacks followed by at least one month of persistent concern about having another panic attack, worrying about the possible consequences of the panic attacks, or a behavioral change related to the attacks (Millon, 1996, p.559). Panic Disorder is not a disease. It may be assessed, but not definitively diagnosed. This disorder is distressing and disabling, physically, psychologically, and socially (Harvard, 2000, p.1). One symptom of Panic Disorder is unexpected panic attacks. At least two panic attacks are required for diagnosis. Attacks may last from several seconds to several minutes. Doctors believe that every attack has a situational trigger and an essential feature (Morrison, 1995, p.402). Another symptom of the disorder is constant concern and worry. The most common trait found in all Panic Disorder patients is a fear of being embarrassed. When a person takes an attack once they are paranoid for up to three months about going into public for fear of taking another attack. People diagnosed with panic disorder experience great anticipation and are very anxious when they look forward. They often worry and think of the worst possible outcomes, and at night, nightmares often occur. Panic disorder patients often assume that they have an undiagnosed disease or think they are going crazy (Harvard, 2000, p.8). Sarah, also experienced severe anxiety in social situations. She had a terrible fear of having another attack, fear of losing consciousness, and a fear of embarrassment in social situations. Sarah had suffered in her sleep as well. Constant nightmares persisted, causing lack of sufficient sleep. Sarah felt she was going crazy, because of the fact that she didn't know what was wrong with her. One symptom of this disorder is behavioral change. Depression is a very common trait in people who suffer with panic disorder. The rate of attempted suicide is twenty times higher among individuals with panic disorder than the general population (Morrison, 1995, p.403). Many people with panic disorder also suffer from alcoholism. People with panic disorder often have great anticipation. Physical conditions are another one of the symptoms of panic disorder. Panic disorder effects physical features of a persons body such as high blood pressure, loss of bladder control, chemical change in ones body, prolapsed and thyroid disease. During the attack a person can experience excessive sweating, chills, chocking, shortness of breath, hot flashes, nausea and pains in their chest. Dizziness, shaking and pounding of the heart are also physical features of this disorder (Laliberte, 1998, p.117). During Sarah's attacks, she experienced many of these physical symptoms. She had shortness of breath, hot flashes, pains in the chest, dizziness (causing her to pass out at times), and shaking and pounding of the heart. She felt as though the attack overpowered her thoughts or feelings, overwhelming her. In this paper we are going to look at four different types of Anxiety Disorders. The first type is Anxiety Disorder due to a general medical condition. Anxiety Disorder due to a general medical condition is diagnosed whenever a panic attack is thought to be a direct physiological consequences. Tests done on physical and mental health, help to determine what the role of the general medical condition is. The second type of Anxiety Disorder is Substance-Induced Anxiety Disorder. It is nearly the same as the first type mention, only instead of being a consequence of a medical disorder; it is a consequence of a substance. The substance could be a number of different things including a drug or medication. Nervous system depressants and stimulants can also trigger a panic attack (Morrison, 1995, p.401). The third type of anxiety disorder is Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. There are many people who suffer with this type. Whenever someone has an obsession and views an object that triggers their obsession it could lead straight into a panic attack. An example is someone who is obsessed with cleanliness; the item that triggered the attack could possibly be dirt. The last type

Compulsive Shopping essays

Compulsive Shopping essays Compulsive Shopping Compulsive shopping is an affliction that affects 15 million Americans (13.5 million women and 1.5 million men). (Bertagnoli, 2003) Compulsive shopping, or the risk of becoming a compulsive shopper, affects approximately between two and eight percent of Americans. (Chaker, 2003) But, what is this condition known to the psychiatric community as Oniomania, in its simplest definition, is an obsession with purchasing items. Those suffering from compulsive shopping find themselves purchasing items they don't need. They often purchase multiples of an item. Deborah Rodriguez, a confirmed compulsive shopper, related coming "home with six packages of clothespins even though she didn't own a clothesline." (Chaker, 2003) Acknowledging this pattern of behavior as a problem is step one in finding a cure; uncovering the causes of the behavior is the next Some professionals surmise that compulsive shopping is an emotional disorder. Those suffering from this problem often use the purchasing of products to fill an emotional void in their lives. Many try to replace missing love and affection with the purchasing of items. Others hide behind their purchasing habits, from real life situations. Karen Patterson (2003) states that these purchases "create and remind one of one's identity, () create feelings of well-being to counter feelings of emotional or social emptiness, ( and) express the self for self- The cause, for this disorder, may take root in social causes as well. It may be a learned behavior from parents of children who used material rewards. Americans also have the tendency to equate material items with success and social status. Keeping up with the Jones'' has never been more true. No matter what cause spurred a healthy, responsible shopping ...

Compulsive Shopping essays

Compulsive Shopping essays Compulsive Shopping Compulsive shopping is an affliction that affects 15 million Americans (13.5 million women and 1.5 million men). (Bertagnoli, 2003) Compulsive shopping, or the risk of becoming a compulsive shopper, affects approximately between two and eight percent of Americans. (Chaker, 2003) But, what is this condition known to the psychiatric community as Oniomania, in its simplest definition, is an obsession with purchasing items. Those suffering from compulsive shopping find themselves purchasing items they don't need. They often purchase multiples of an item. Deborah Rodriguez, a confirmed compulsive shopper, related coming "home with six packages of clothespins even though she didn't own a clothesline." (Chaker, 2003) Acknowledging this pattern of behavior as a problem is step one in finding a cure; uncovering the causes of the behavior is the next Some professionals surmise that compulsive shopping is an emotional disorder. Those suffering from this problem often use the purchasing of products to fill an emotional void in their lives. Many try to replace missing love and affection with the purchasing of items. Others hide behind their purchasing habits, from real life situations. Karen Patterson (2003) states that these purchases "create and remind one of one's identity, () create feelings of well-being to counter feelings of emotional or social emptiness, ( and) express the self for self- The cause, for this disorder, may take root in social causes as well. It may be a learned behavior from parents of children who used material rewards. Americans also have the tendency to equate material items with success and social status. Keeping up with the Jones'' has never been more true. No matter what cause spurred a healthy, responsible shopping ...

Compulsive Shopping essays

Compulsive Shopping essays Compulsive Shopping Compulsive shopping is an affliction that affects 15 million Americans (13.5 million women and 1.5 million men). (Bertagnoli, 2003) Compulsive shopping, or the risk of becoming a compulsive shopper, affects approximately between two and eight percent of Americans. (Chaker, 2003) But, what is this condition known to the psychiatric community as Oniomania, in its simplest definition, is an obsession with purchasing items. Those suffering from compulsive shopping find themselves purchasing items they don't need. They often purchase multiples of an item. Deborah Rodriguez, a confirmed compulsive shopper, related coming "home with six packages of clothespins even though she didn't own a clothesline." (Chaker, 2003) Acknowledging this pattern of behavior as a problem is step one in finding a cure; uncovering the causes of the behavior is the next Some professionals surmise that compulsive shopping is an emotional disorder. Those suffering from this problem often use the purchasing of products to fill an emotional void in their lives. Many try to replace missing love and affection with the purchasing of items. Others hide behind their purchasing habits, from real life situations. Karen Patterson (2003) states that these purchases "create and remind one of one's identity, () create feelings of well-being to counter feelings of emotional or social emptiness, ( and) express the self for self- The cause, for this disorder, may take root in social causes as well. It may be a learned behavior from parents of children who used material rewards. Americans also have the tendency to equate material items with success and social status. Keeping up with the Jones'' has never been more true. No matter what cause spurred a healthy, responsible shopping ...

Can You Reschedule Your SAT Date Should You

Can You Reschedule Your SAT Date Should You SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips What should you do when you’ve already registered for an SAT test date, but you have a schedule conflict or just aren’t ready to take the SAT yet?Never fear! SAT rescheduling is an option! If you’re wondering how you can reschedule your SAT, this guide has all the answers you need about SAT change date procedures. We’ll explain what it means to reschedule SAT test dates, how late you can reschedule, how much it will cost, and we’ll walk you through each step of how to changeSAT test dates. What Does It Mean to Reschedule Your SAT? Why Would You Need an SAT Reschedule? When you reschedule your SAT, it means changing the date (and sometimes the location) of your exam after you’ve already registered for a particular date.You’ll need to cancel your current registration and reschedule a new date to take the SAT. There are a few reasons why you might need to change the date of your SAT: Schedule conflict: An academic, extracurricular, or personal activity may suddenly appear on your calendar on the day you were supposed to take the SAT. If it’s an important event, you may not be able to miss it, meaning you’ll need an SAT test reschedule. However, for certain school-related conflicts, you may be able to get an alternate SAT test date instead of rescheduling. Read more about alternative SAT test dates here. You haven’t prepared enough: Sometimes, despite your best efforts, you just can’t squeeze in enough time to study enough for the SAT before your test date. In these cases, you may want to reschedule your SAT for a later date so you have more time to prepare. What to Know Before You Reschedule Your SAT Before you begin the process of changing your SAT, you should know exactly what to expect and if it’s even possible for you to schedule an SAT date change. How Much Will the SAT Date Change Cost? If you need to reschedule SAT test dates, it will cost you $28 per reschedule(This is in addition to the $45 or $57 you already paid when you registered to take the SAT.)This $28 reschedule fee is the same whether your change just the test date and keep the location the same or if you change both the test date and the location.You will need to pay this fee even if you received a fee waiver when you registered for the SAT. How Late Can You Reschedule? The good news is that there is no deadline for rescheduling SAT test dates.You can even reschedule after your original test date has passed (as long as you didn’t show up for the test), and you’ll only need to pay the $28 reschedule fee, not an entirely new registration fee.However, if the new date you want to take the SAT on is less than a month away, you’ll also have to pay an additional $28 late registration fee on top of the SAT test reschedule fee. How to Reschedule Your SAT Not sure how to change SAT test dates? Rescheduling SATdates is an easy process that only takes a few minutes to complete. The process is the same for rescheduling both the General SAT and SAT Subject Tests. Follow these steps to change your test date. Sign-in to your College Board account. On your â€Å"My SAT† page, you’ll see the tests you’re registered for. Click â€Å"Change Registration† under the test that you want to reschedule. You’ll now see a new page with your SAT admission ticket information on it. At the bottom of the page, click â€Å"Change my test date.† You’ll then be brought to a page where, under â€Å"Test Date†, you can see the new SAT date(s) you can change to. Select the one that works best for you. You’ll then select your test center, confirm your personal information is correct, and pay the reschedule fee. When you’re finished, you’ll receive an email confirmation and a new admission ticket with your updated test date. Pros and Cons of an SAT Reschedule Is rescheduling your SAT the right decision for you? There are benefits and drawbacks for both options which we go over in this section. Pros Can Make It Possible for You to Take the SAT Sometimes you simply can’t make the original date you planned to take the SAT. If another commitment (whether it’s for school, an extracurricular, or another reason) makes it impossible for you to get to the test center on your original test date, rescheduling is sometimes the only thing you can do to take the SAT. Gives You More Time to Study Postponing your SAT will give you more time to study for the test, which can translate into a better score. This can be a significant benefit, but, remember, it only works if you put in the necessary study time. Check out these guides if you need help developing a study plan. How Long Should I Study for the SAT? The Best Way to Study for the SAT The Ultimate SAT Math Prep Guide Cheaper Than Canceling If you can’t make it to the test center on the day you already registered to take the SAT, it’s cheaper to reschedule the SAT then just outright canceling it and registering for a completely new test. Rescheduling will cost you an extra $28, while rescheduling a completely new test will cost $45 without the essay or $57 with the essay. Cons Added Cost As mentioned above, the reschedule fee for changing your SAT test date is $28. For some people this isn’t a big deal or it’s worth the benefit of changing their test date, but for others this cost, on top of the normal SAT registration fee, isn’t worth it. May Miss Certain Application Deadlines If you end up needing to push your SAT to a later date, you may miss certain college admission deadlines, depending on when your new test date is. Before you reschedule your SAT, be very sure that you aren’t jeopardizing your chances of applying to certain schools by postponing your SAT test date. It’s also important to be aware that some winter SAT test dates are occasionally delayed or canceled due to winter storms, so take into account when your new SAT test date will be and the chances of a snowstorm occurring where you’ll be taking it. SAT Reschedule: Key Takeaways If you can’t make your originally schedule SAT date, it’s possible to reschedule the exam.You can do this anytime before the test, but there is a reschedule fee of $28 that you’ll need to pay. If you're not sure how to reschedule SAT test dates, know that the SAT change date procedureis a simple process and can be completed in a few minutes on your My SAT page.Rescheduling your SAT can make it possible for you to still take the test, give you more time to study, and it’s cheaper than straight out canceling. However, it does come with an added cost and may cause you to miss certain college application deadlines. What's Next? Wondering what a good SAT score is? Learn how to set a score goalbased on the schools you want to get into. Need some study materials? We have links tofree and official SAT practice tests you can use during your studying! How do you send your SAT scores to colleges?Learn everything you need to know about sending SAT scores! Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today!

The effects of peer-mediation on suspension of middle school students Dissertation

The effects of peer-mediation on suspension of middle school students - Dissertation Example The paper tells that since 2001, children in grades K-12 have become the focus of attention because of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. This legislation made schools across the country focus on student achievement and standardized testing. This testing brought with it a set of problems that encouraged many schools to stop extracurricular activities like music and art, and many have also stopped recess. In the process of this focus, another focus also became apparent after the school shootings at Columbine High School in 1999. These school shootings created a mass apprehension in high schools across the country about bullying and school violence. Since the Columbine incident, many schools have noticed a rise in student aggression, conflict and school violence. Unfortunately, when students create this type of behavior, and it comes to the attention of the administration, the students are usually suspended. This trend to suspend has affected minority students more often than non-mi nority students and there is a larger prevalence of suspensions in urban school districts with large minority populations. In a study by the Southern Poverty Law Center that surveyed 9,000 middle schools, and which involved a national sample, the research found that 28.3% of black males were suspended four times as often as non-minority males. Hispanic males also had a 16.3% higher risk of suspension than their white peers. In the same study, 18 urban districts were examined and 175 middle schools in the districts suspended more than one third of their black male students. ... The most prevalent reasons were defying authority or not going to in-school suspensions. There is no doubt that there has been an increase in school suspensions over the last several years between 2003 through 2011. Sisco (2004) also speaks to this topic and states that these children are being suspended for breaking small school rules but also for behavior problems like fighting, bringing weapons to school, drug possession, bullying or other aggressive or disruptive actions. Many schools have a no tolerance policy which means that certain behaviors like bullying or violent behavior brings about automatic suspension. However, these measures do not seem to be working in most cases because the behaviors continue (Losen and Skiba, 2010; Sisco, 2004, Lane-Garon, Ybarra-Merlo, Zajac, J., & Vierra, 2005). Losen and Skiba (2010) pointed out that the middle school experience is important to a student’s future academic success. The challenge at this level is that suspensions can crea te repercussions that are long-term which means that students will lose aspects of instruction that may be important to their future success. Some of these children will who do not change their behaviors will go to prison where they may lose time in education while they are going through the process of problems with law enforcement (Losen and Skiba, 2010). Losen and Skiba also found that those suspended were generally black or Hispanic males along with a small number of female Hispanic or black females. The fact that these children are â€Å"being removed from the opportunity to learn at a much higher rate than their peers† (Losen and Skiba, 2010, p. 8) creates more problems for them academically as they move from

Care of Alzheimer Patient Issues in the Family Research Paper

A Care of Alzheimer Patient Issues in the Family - Research Paper Example I strongly hypothesize that most families and members of the society, in general, do not have the potential and ability to identify the early symptoms of the disease so that early intervention regimes can be implemented, are unable to cope with the increasing demands of caring for an Alzheimer’s patient and themselves often coped poorly under the circumstances of having an Alzheimer’s patient within the household. I also hypothesize that some families do not pay due care and attention that is demanded by these patients. If so, my question is what these clients/ families and the community in general needs most from the human service provider and organization. Alzheimer’s disease, thought to be a consequence of the increase in the production/ accumulation of a specific protein (beta-amyloidal protein) which causes nerve cell damage, is a progressive disease of the brain featuring memory retardation and disturbances in other cognitive/ mental functions such as language and perception of reality. On average, symptoms of Alzheimer’s are noticed by families three years before a conclusive diagnosis is done. While not an inevitable part of aging, Alzheimer prevalence increases significantly after the age of 65 years (Zarka, 2011). The disease develops when the toxic protein, beta amyloidal, accumulates in the brain in the form of plaques which are thought to be in turn toxic to neurons, disrupting messages within the brain by damaging connections between brain cells. The brain cells finally die and information recalling or assimilation disrupted hence.

Analysis of the Paint Industry

Analysis of the Paint Industry Color has captivated everyone throughout the history, be it myriad cultures, age-groups, occasions, etc. Color has become a significant part of every family. Every age and every region has produced dyes and pigments based on the availability of the resources. The history proves the existence of colors from past thousands of years, discovered in the caves of Southern Europe. Paint is defined as the group of emulsions, consisting of pigments suspended in a liquid medium, for use as decorative or protective coatings. Today, contemporary paints and coating consist of countless of hundreds of thousands to fulfill the varied requirements of hundreds of thousands of applications.†Paint† ranges from the broad group of environmentally sound latex paints that many consumers use to decorate and protect their homes and the translucent coating that line the interior of food homes and the translucent coating that line the interior of food containers, to the chemically complex, multi-component finishes that automobile manufacturers apply on the assembly line. Paint made its earliest appearance about 30,000 years ago .Cave dwellers used crude paints to leave behind the graphic representations of their lives that even today decorate the walls of their ancient rock dwellings. The utility of paints has evolved from a decorative use to a surface protection use. Also, know as surface coatings, paints can be classified on the basis of end use, solvent system and solid content. Paint is comprised of three separate things working together. A pigment is used for the color. A binder is used to hold the pigment to the wall. And lastly, a carrier is used to apply the pigment and binder to whatever. There are many types of paint but they all have these components. For white latex paint, the carrier is de-ionized water, the pigment is very finely ground Titanium dioxide, and the binder is a synthetic polymer that resembles liquid rubber. The pigment and binder are put together with force (grinding) and then the two are slowly dispersed into the water. Titanium dioxide is the single largest input used in the manufacture of paints. It is a pigment (non-petro-based) that accounts for about 30% of material costs. Phthalic anhydride (PAN) and pentaerythritol (Penta) are the other two important petro-based inputs used in the manufacture of resins. Organic pigments, solvents, oils and a range of chemical additives are also used in the manufacture of paints. INDIAN PAINT INDUSTRY The Indian paint industry has come a long way from the days when paints were considered a luxury item. Today the awareness level on preventing corrosion through paints is relatively high, a development that should be a huge boost to the paint industry. The Indian paints industry offers lucrative scope for stable revenue streams to manufacturers of both decorative and industrial paints. The Indian Paints sector is valued at Rs 66 bn in value terms and is very fragmented. The current demand is estimated to be around 650,000 tonnes per annum and is seasonal in nature. The per capita consumption of paints in India stands at 0.5-kg p.a. as compared to 1.6 kg in China and 22 kg in the developed economies. Indias share in the world paint market is just 0.6%. The typical characteristics of the Indian paints industry include raw material intensiveness, working capital intensiveness, seasonality of demand, price elasticity of demand and low entry barriers with respect to technology and funds. Crucial parameters that make India a favorable proposition include the low per capita consumption of paints (1.0 kilogram), growth in construction sector (it is being offered industry status) and growth in the auto/white goods market respectively spurring demand for decorative and industrial paints. The industry has also witnessed increased activity in the industrial variety of paints with the entry of MNCs in auto, consumer durables etc, which has been gaining steadily over decorative paints in the last one decade. Indian paint industry is century old and the can be retraced by the history of Shalimar paints which was set up in the year1902 in Kolkata. Till the 2nd World war, industry consisted of small paint producers and 2 foreign companies. Post World War 2, imports were restricted which led to the birth of many domestic manufacturing facilities producing paint. Nevertheless, foreign companied ruled the market. Initially, British paints such as Goodlass Walls (currently famous as Kansai Nerolac), ICI, British Paints (now known as Berger Paints), Jenson Nicholson and Blundell Eomite dominated the market. The Indian paint industry has evolved a lot in recent times, both in terms of industry structure and product portfolio. Not long ago, paints were largely considered to be a luxury item. Such a mind†set has changed significantly of late due to the growing awareness on preventing corrosion through paints, by providing a massive fillip to the paint industry. Indian paints industry is Rs.15, 000 crore market Growth drivers for Indian paint industry Per capita consumption at 1.5kg is currently very low as compared to the developed countries (20kg/annum). Usage of lime extracts (chuna) in rural and semi†urban markets as well as lesser awareness of the protective attributes of paints can be one of the reasons for lower consumption levels. With growing income levels, both in urban as well as rural India on the back of various government initiatives like NREGS, Farm loan waivers, pay commission led salary hikes etc, the per capita consumption will improve in the medium as well as long term. Rising income levels: According to McKinsey, proportion of low income groups was expected to decline from 24% in FY05 to 10% in FY10e, and it has. This has acted as a significant catalyst for demand growth in decorative paints. Increasing media exposure: With better awareness levels, a gradual shift from unbranded to branded segment as well as improvement in product mix for various players like Kansai Nerolac, Asian Paints as demand for emulsions continues to outpace enamels and distempers. Rising urbanisation: This has led to creation of new homes, in†turn, fuelling incremental demand. Currently, only 28% of Indian population is urban. Urban Share of total population Increase in nuclear families: This is a consequence of younger demographics (60% of Indias population is below 30 years of age), with proportion of working population expected to increase from 40% in FY05 to 48% in FY15e. % of population in 15†64 age group Healthy growth in consumption levels expected for both, urban and rural India Growth in Auto Sector With production of passenger cars expected to grow, demand for automotive paints will continue to remain healthy as sales are expected to grow in double†digits. And with realty majors launching new projects, construction activity is expected to gain momentum and generate demand for decorative paints. Globally, the industrial paints segment accounts for a major share, indicating that this segment offers many opportunities for paint manufacturers. Growth in Auto Segments (FY06†10) The emerging trends in the decorative industry are: Consumers are increasingly involved in making purchase decisions. Consumers expect better and more relevant functional benefits from paints. Emulsion paints are outgrowing the industry growth rate. Trend of dark shades complementing light shades continues. Tinting systems at store level are the order of the day. Companies are getting more consumer†centric and a lot of value†added services are being offered, like application support, colour consultancy etc. Strong growth in the Indian powder coatings segment, as new applications and their advantages are discovered Greater interest in water-based coatings technology while awareness of VOCs and legislation increases. 3. INDUSTRY SEGMENTATION The paint industry can be segmented as follows: End Usage classification: Paints are grouped in either decorative or industrial paints Decorative paints are used for household and construction purposes while latter can be used for industrial products. Decorative Paints consists of myriad types like enamels, acrylic emulsions, distempers and exterior paints. Industrial ones include the marine, anti corrosive metal coatings, etc. Solvent Based classification: Paints which use petro products or water as main solvents. These days water based paints are becoming popular on environment friendliness. Solid Content: Classified based on type i.e. liquid or solid. Powder coatings find application mainly in white goods industry. The Indian paint industry has surprisingly only private manufacturing units. This can be reasoned by the fact that in the past, government perceived paints as luxury product and hence taxed heavily, thus regulating the industry to a non-core business. Sector wise Division Classification of paint industry can be done either product-wise or sector-wise. Sector-wise implies organised and unorganized sectors. The pie chart indicates the same. Organized Sector is dominated by 6 large players and the unorganized sectors owned by about 2500 units manufacturing various categories of paints. Though the organized sector controls 65% of paint market, unorganized sector with 35% of market share is still a force to reckon with. Organized sector can itself be divided into 2 distinct segments (Product wise): Industrial segment which is growing at 15% approximately and decorative segment which is growing at 8% approximately. As shown in the graph, most of sales are accounted for primarily by decorative segment. Decorative segment enjoys almost 77% and industrial segment owns 23% of the market. Organised Market Segment Division Decorative Segment It caters to the housing sector. The following falls under decorative segment. Acrylic Emulsions: Premium decorative paints are acrylic emulsions used mostly in the metros. Enamels: The medium range consists of enamels, popular in smaller cities and towns. Used on substrates like steel, wood, concrete, etc. Cement paints: Used for exterior purposes Distempers are economy products demanded in the suburban and rural markets. Nearly 20 per cent of all decorative paints sold in India are distempers. Industrial Segment Industrial Paints include powder coatings, high performance coatings and automotive and marine paints Two-thirds of the industrial paints produced in the country are automotive paints. Structure of Paint Industry 4. MARKET PROFILE The leaders in the organized paint industry are Asian Paints (India) Ltd. (APIL), Goodlass Nerolac Paints Ltd. (GNPL), Berger Paints, Jenson Nicholson Ltd. (JN) and ICI (India) Ltd. â€Å"Asian paints† is the industry leader with an overall market share of 33 per cent in the organized paint market. It has the largest distribution network among the players and its aggressive marketing has earned it strong brand equity. The Berger Group and ICI share the second slot in the industry with market shares of 17 per cent each. GNPL has a market share of 15 percent in the organized sector. APIL dominates the decorative segment with a 38 per cent market share. The company has more than 15,000 retail outlets and its brandsTractor,Apcolite,Utsav,ApexandAceare entrenched in the market. GNPL, the number-two in the decorative segment, with a 14 per cent market share too, has now increased its distribution network to 11,000 outlets to compete with APIL effectively. Berger and ICI have 9 per cent and 8 per cent shares respectively in this segment followed by JN and Shalimar with 1 and 6 per cent shares. GNPL dominates the industrial paints segment with 41 per cent market share. It has a lions share of 70 per cent in the OEM passenger car segment, 40 per cent share of two wheeler OEM market and 20 per cent of commercial vehicle OEM market. The company is also venturing into new areas like painting of plastic, coil coatings and cans. APIL, the leader in decorative paints, ranks a poor second after Goodlass Nerolac in the industrial segment with a 15 per cent market share. Berger and ICI are the other players in the sector with 10 per cent and 9 per cent shares respectively. Shalimar too, has an 8 per cent share. Asian Paints enjoys leadership position in the Indian Paints industry, with nearly 55% share of the organized segment. Major Market Player 5. COMPANY PROFILE Incorporated in 1920, Kansai Nerolac Paints Limited (KNPL) is the second-largest coating company in India. It is a subsidiary of Kansai Paints, a Japanese company, which holds approximately 69.3% stake. KNPL operates in the decorative as well as the industrial paints segments, and is the market leader in automotive and powder coating segments. It manufactures decorative paints, automotive coatings, general industrial coatings, high performance coatings, powder coatings and speciality coatings. Its manufacturing plants are located at Ratnagiri (Maharashtra), Kanpur Dehat (Uttar Pradesh), Perungudi and Hosur (Tamil Nadu) and Bawal (Haryana). Its employee strength is approximately 2,000. The company has a strong distribution network of ~12,000 distributors, 5,000 colour tinting machines and 69 sales locations, as of FY10. The installed capacity for various products as of FY10 is: Paints, varnishes, enamels and powder coatings 2.08 million tonnes (MT), Synthetic resins 79,380 tonnes and pre-treatment chemicals 2,400 tonnes. Exports contributed less than 1% of FY10 revenues. The proximity of the companys plants to the customers plant locations offers KNPL a strong logistical advantage. Kansai Nerolac Paints Ltd.is a cognized leader in chosen fields. The company has won many prestigious awards such as National Energy Conservation Award from the Ministry of Power, Government of India for its Jainpur plant, the Golden Peacock Award for Corporate Governance in 2005, the Business Innovator of the year award in 2006 from the CTO Forum Magazine and Best Managed Company award from Business Today in 2004. History It is the second largest coating company in India and market leader in Industrial Coatings. Its Industrial Coatings has a wide range of products in the Automotive, Powder, General Industrial and High performance Coatings space. Nerolac paints, as it is popularly known, are an established brand in decorative paints. Kansai Nerolac Paints Ltd is a subsidiary of Japan based Kansai Paint Company Limited, which is one of the top ten coating companies in the world. The technological edge of Kansai helps us constantly innovate and come up with products that meet consumer need gaps. Kansai Nerolac has always believed that the key to its business is: Technology Research Development Innovations Quality Year 1920, a paint company was born as Gahagan Paints and Varnish Co. Ltd. in Mumbai. The journey is marked by moving from strength to strength in every sphere of business be it product introductions through innovation, value engineering and superior technology. 1920: A company named as Gahagan Paints and Varnish Co. Ltd at Lower Parel in Mumbai, was born. 1957: Goodlass Wall Pvt. Ltd grew popular as Goodlass Nerolac Paints (Pvt) Ltd. Also, it went public in the same year and established itself as Goodlass Nerolac Paints Ltd. 1976: Goodlass Nerolac Paints Ltd. became a part of the Tata Forbes Group on acquisition of a part of the foreign shareholdings by Forbes Gokak. 1983: Goodlass Nerolac Paints Ltd. Strengthened itself by entering in technical collaboration agreements with Kansai Paint Co. Ltd, Japan and Nihon Tokushu Tokyo Co. Ltd, Japan. 1999: Kansai Paint Co. Ltd, Japan took over the entire stake of Tata Forbes group and thus GNP became wholly owned subsidiary of Kansai Paint Company Ltd. 2006: On the 11th of July, Goodlass Paints Ltd. name was changed to Kansai Nerolac Paints Ltd. KEY HIGHLIGHTS Capacity expansion n plans KNPLs most recent capacity addition was a new plant at Hosur, which commenced operations in the last quarter of FY10 with a capacity of ~15,000 tonnes. The company plans to spend another ~Rs 2.5 billion (bn) to expand manufacturing capacity at Hosur to 0.28 million (mn) tonnes per annum. A further Rs 1.5 bn will be spent on increasing production capacity in other plants, taking total cost to Rs 4 bn Strategic Alliances Nerolac has developed strong relationships with automakers, such as Maruti, which facilitates it in maintaining its market leadership position in the industrial paint segment. Nerolacs parent company Kansai is a global supplier of paints to Suzuki Marutis parent company which further strengthens the relationship. Nerolac has also taken initiatives to strengthen its existing relationship with automakers, which include placing technical teams at automakers paint shops to provide them with services. Such initiatives have proved to be fruitful, and Nerolac has 9 out of 11 automakers as its customers. The other major a well-established client base from the automotive industry includes Tata Motors, Bajaj Auto, Ashok Leyland, Mahindra Mahindra, etc Targeting Rural Market Nerolac has stepped up its efforts to increase its presence in the rural market. The company has introduced some products, such as Beauty Emulsions in the range of 80-100 rupees per litre, which cater to the price-sensitive market. It has also formed an alliance with ITC on its E-Chaupal initiative to improve its presence in the rural market. The company is also making efforts to strengthen its dealer network to improve sales. 6. KANSAI NEROLAC MARKETING PROFILE Marketing Strategies Marketing defines the fact that â€Å"Customer is King† and always every management strives to identify, anticipate and satisfy their Kings Kansai Nerolac is the organization which works on this aspect and its been one of the pillars behind building a successful organization. Nerolac believes that the key strength lies in understanding the consumers and communicating with them in a language they understand and relate to the best. Over the years, Nerolac has undertaken many initiatives, which have met with unprecedented success and really made people sit up and take notice of the same. 6.1. Brand -Nerolac Nerolac commercials have been well -loved over the years and its jingle Jab ghar ki raunaq badhaani ho is now a familiar tune in every Indian household. Many set the same jingle as their caller-tunes. Beginning with the introduction of the new Brush stroke logo, this stands for the ‘process of painting, depicts motion, dynamism and progress through change. The signal red color, which is the color of Nerolac, is a symbol of eternal joy and hope. It has now become an integral part of Nerolacs brand identity and now appears as a sign-off on any kind of communication. The Slogan of Brand Nerolac: â€Å"Kuch Change Kare Chalo Paint Kare† Brand Ambassadors: Presently, Shah Rukh Khan, internationally famed Bollywood hero endorses Kansai Nerolac and has proved to give the brand a touch of glamour and the hope that a famous face will provide added appeal and name recognition in a crowded market. The famous Bollywood celebrity being the co-owner of IPL -Kolkata Knight Riders team is indeed a popular ambassador to the recall value of the brand. Previously Mr. Amitabh Bachhan and Mr. Mohanlal were the brand Ambassadors. Amitabh had embodied Nerolac and had showed â€Å"how it touches the lives and dreams of peopleno matter whom they are and where they come from†. The essence of this thought was captured in the new baseline ‘Yeh Rang hain jo har kisi ko chhoota hain. 6.2. Product Range (Decorative segment) Paints Interior Range Exterior Range Enamels Primer (Impressions) Marble Finish Ever last Impressions High Performance Metallic Finish Excel Total Disney Excel AntiPeel 24 Carat Impressions Eco-clean : Ultra luxury Emulsion(odorless) Low VOC Popular Beauty Emulsion Flexi Suraksha Advanced, and Plus Satin Enamel Premium Silver Synthetic Enamel Smooth finish Beauty Distemper Acrylic Superior Protection Pearl Luster Finish Oil Bound Premium Acrylic Wood coatings include: Wonder wood 2k PU, Wonder wood melamine crystal Clear, Wonder wood melamine and Wonder wood 1 KPU. 6.3.Segmentation Market segmentation represents an effort to increase a companys targeting precision. All businesses operate in â€Å"markets† .A market is the set of all actual and potential buyers of a product or service. This definition suggests that a market is the total value and/or volume of products that satisfy the same customer need. In defining a market, it is important not to focus only on products/services that currently meet the customer need. Thinking about customer needs first and then identifying the products that meet those needs is the best way to define a market. However, it is also important not to define a market too broadly. For example, it is not particularly helpful for a marketing manager to define his or her market as the â€Å"food market† or the â€Å"transport market†. The purpose of market definition is to provide a meaningful framework for analysis and decision-making. Bases of segmentation It is widely thought in marketing that than segmentation is an art, not a science. The key task is to find the variable, or variables that split the market into actionable segments. There are two types of segmentation variables: Needs Profilers The basic criteria for segmenting a market are customer needs. To find the needs of customers in a market, it is necessary to undertake market research. Profilers are the descriptive, measurable customer characteristics (such as location, age, nationality, gender, income) that can be used to inform a segmentation exercise. The most common profilers used in customer segmentation include the following: Geographic Region of the country Urban or rural Demographic Age, sex, family size Income, occupation, education Religion, race, nationality Psychographic Social class: Premium,Middle Upper Class and also Lower Class Lifestyle type Personality type Behavioural Product usage e.g. light, medium ,heavy users Brand loyalty: none, medium, high Type of user (e.g. with meals, special occasions) Demographic segmentation Demographic segmentation consists of dividing the market into groups based on variables such as age, gender family size, income, occupation, education, religion, race and nationality. Customer wants are closely linked to variables such as income and age. Company Kansai Nerolac Paints has manufactured paints as per customers requirements and the products are described above. The main demographic segmentation variables used in this are summarized below: Income Kansai Nerolac has targeted affluent customers with luxury products like the impressions. Various convenience services as previously mentioned are introduced for the ease of customers. Economy range products are being developed by the company and would be introduced soon in the market. Premium class impression products for children based of their interests on sports, cartoons are produced and company extends in paintings services with its well equipped painters. Social class Many Marketers believe that a consumers perceived social class influences their preferences for cars, clothes, home furnishings, leisure activities and other products services. There is a clear link here with income-based segmentation. Age Lifestyle The cultural dominance in India is targeted and paints based on Vastu are carried on to pull in prosperities with paints.Kansai Nerolac provides this with established vastu veterans and help the customers. It also works on splendid work as per the ambience with various methods like 30-60-90. Marketers are increasingly interested in the effect of consumer lifestyles on demand. There are many different lifestyle categorisation systems, many of them designed by advertising and marketing agencies as a way of winning new marketing clients and campaigns! Behavioral segmentation Behavioural segmentation divides customers into groups based on the way they respond to, use or know of a product. Behavioural segments can group consumers in terms of: Occasions When a product is consumed or purchased. Neroalc Paints launches new products near the festive seasons and promotions during those times relate to the festivals giving a slice of life touch.Plus offer varied schemes based on different occasions namely Valentine day offers,F1 fever,IPL dhamaka,etc. Usage Some markets can be segmented into light, medium and heavy user groups. Loyalty Loyal consumers those who buy one brand all or most of the time are valuable customers. Many companies try to segment their markets into those where loyal customers can be found and retained compared with segments where customers rarely display any product loyalty. Importance of Segmentation: There are several important reasons why businesses should attempt to segment their markets carefully. These are summarised below Better matching of customer needs Customer needs differ. Creating separate offers for each segment makes sense and provides customers with a better solution Enhanced profits for business Customers have different disposable income. They are, therefore, different in how sensitive they are to price. By segmenting markets, businesses can raise average prices and subsequently enhance profits. Product segmentation of Nerolac Paints has enabled each segment of the society to relate to a product within the income range. Better opportunities for growth Market segmentation can build sales. For example, customers can be encouraged to trade-up after being introduced to a particular product with an introductory, lower-priced product. Retain more customers Customer circumstances change, for example they grow older, form families, change jobs or get promoted, change their buying patterns. By marketing products that appeal to customers at different stages of their life (life-cycle), a business can retain customers who might otherwise switch to competing products and brands. Target marketing communications Businesses need to deliver their marketing message to a relevant customer audience. If the target market is too broad, there is a strong risk that (1) the key customers are missed and (2) the cost of communicating to customers becomes too high / unprofitable. By segmenting markets, the target customer can be reached more often and at lower cost. Advertisements relating to different paints of Nerolac Paints are on air each signifying a different target market, a different aspect of life. Gain share of the market segment Nerolac Paints is the market leader in the industrial market and gains due to economies of scale. Through careful segmentation and targeting, businesses can often achieve competitive production and marketing costs and become the preferred choice of customers and distributors. 6.4 Promotional Activities. a) Advertising: Kansai Nerolac made a beeline to cricket fever by advertising and booking ad spots on Set Max, the sub continental broadcaster for the IPL matches this summer, for IPL 4. The company has launched ‘Healthy Home Range of Paints that are safer lead free, odour free, low VOC (VolatileOrganic Compound) and eco-friendly. The brand ambassador endorses a wide range of advancedeco-friendlyproducts in the TV, print and outdoor commercials. The same ads have been telecasted in Chennai (Sun Network) in the regional language Tamil in order to remind and recall the brand value of Kansai Nerolac. Television campaign with Irfan Khan and Konkana Sen for Nerolac Impressions was done on popular channels of West Bengal. The campaign was redone to help build the brand saliency during this period. There were various other campaigns endorsed by Amitabh Bachhan which proved to be runaway success to name one -â€Å"Har Din Diwali â€Å"a promotional campaign aimed at the customer. b) Public Relations Kansai Nerolac has always been in the fore front for Public Relations, be it marketing or corporate relations. Kansai Nerolac was the first to initiate the dealers meet and painters meet. It comes up with new product launch activity also. Corporate relations include the famous Mumbai Marathon (17th Jan 2010) which carried an anti smoking message, with a logo on their T-shirts. As part of corporate social responsibility, Nerolac has been conducting health camps for needy people every year. c) Sales Promotions This includes the dealers meet and painters meet which help regularly to build up a good rapport with the dealers and painters. Promotional offers and schemes with gifts acts as the major sales promotional methods followed by Kansai Nerolac. Incentives to painters include the token exchanges. Foreign trips are also provided for the dealers who qualify in the promotional scheme parameters. Distribution of T-shirts and caps to the paints are also done. d) Other Services â€Å"Nerolac Assured Paint Service†: Designed to bring the Nerolac experience right to the consumers doorstep, is the service launched by Nerolac. Currently available in Mumbai, consumers can now relax while the Nerolac team takes over the entire paint job right from sourcing to execution. On consumer friendliness platter, the shade cards have been redesigned. The new look shade cards are not only eye catching and consistent in appearance but also try to make the process of shade selection for the consumer lot more interesting and convenient. Nerolac Home Stylers provides profession

Public health policy analysis Essay

Public health policy analysis Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Legalization of marijuana has been a heated issue and is featured both in local and national media. The use of marijuana by adults and youth in United States is on the increase. Marijuana use remains a medical problem concern since marijuana users are more susceptible to disorders associated to marijuana use. In the last decades state policies aimed marijuana use for medical purposes, while recent policies are advocating for legalization of marijuana to adults. Public relations campaigns fully advocate for the legalization of marijuana. The main reason being that prohibition of marijuana cause more harm than good and also fuel violence in the markets. The increased use of marijuana amongst the youth is enough evidence of failed control measures against marijuana. These opinions come together to enhance promotion of marijuana legalization (Gerber et al, 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The recent opinions to legalize marijuana raised concerns to (ASAM) American Society of Addiction Medicine. In April 2012, they had to form committee to develop the reaction due to the proposal of marijuana legalization. The committee aims at informing the public about marijuana legalization of marijuana and their judgment to the public policymakers. The ASAM recommends that the chemicals in marijuana that deem an effective treatment against some illnesses should be legalized as characterized and standardized products; permitted by the Food and Drug and be dispensed by professional pharmacies just like any other medicine. ASAM’s greatest concern is due to the opinion that marijuana is the most common abused illegal drug in America. Clear distinction between decriminalization and legalization is necessary in explanation of objectives and negative impact of marijuana legalization. Legalization deals with the commercialization of produ ction, use and sale of marijuana. On the other hand, decriminalization removes penalties to personal use while sale and production of marijuana is prohibited. However, ASAM does not support legalization of marijuana since their research findings reveal that marijuana smoking is not a medicine. Background and relevance   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Marijuana use has several dreadful health effects which raise concern to public health sector. Marijuana can lead to addiction as well as effects of (THC) delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Research reveals that 9% of marijuana becomes addicted. Marijuana smokers who try to quit suffer from anxiety, depression, insomnia, irritability, and appetite disturbance. In 1993, the National Institute on Drug Abuse carried a study that found that marijuana led to an estimate of 7% of treatment admissions funded by the government. The number increased to 18% in 2009. In Central and Western Europe marijuana use is a critical public health issue. Marijuana is said to be the basic drug being abused in 21% of the incidents in addiction reform services in Central and Western Europe, and 14% of incidents in addiction reforms services in Southeast and Eastern Europe. Research found that of all drug treatment teenage patients, 83% were undergoing treatment for ba sic marijuana use. Retrieved from http://www.asam.org/policies/state-level-proposals-to-legalize-marijuana   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Young adults are more prevalent to marijuana addiction. Research from U.S. treatment centers shows that if drug use is started at tender age there is greater risk of dependence. Early use of marijuana might be one of the causes of increased admissions for marijuana addiction treatment. In Europe, the number of patients seeking treatment due to marijuana addiction increased from 200% from 1999 till 2006, and recently stands at 30% of overall admission cases. There are other many health hazards associated to marijuana use apart from addiction. ASAM great concern put a lot of weight to the following major areas.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The brain: substances from marijuana results to short-term impact on the brain in relation to attention, verbal fluency, sensory perception, learning, memory, and perception of time. The greatest concern is marijuana consumption during teenage where brain development is in progress. This results to decreased neurocognitive activity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mental health: NIDA found that marijuana use is associated to increased anxiety, schizophrenia and depression. Research studies brought out age factor as a significant risk factor. Research shows that there is correlation between early marijuana consumption and worsening and development of symptoms of schizophrenia. High usage of marijuana can cause acute psychotic reaction as well as initiating the beginning or degeneration of schizophrenia in susceptible persons.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Prenatal or perinatal: some research findings have suggested that marijuana causes retarded fetal growth including length, gestational age, birth weight, and head circumference. Other long-term effects vary with age. They include depression, decreased wit, and addiction.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Respiratory or pulmonary: research reveals that marijuana contains more tar, carcinogen and carbon monoxide as compared to tobacco. Marijuana is likely to deposit tar four times as compared to tobacco. Chronic smoking has detrimental effects to the lungs. Marijuana smokers inhale greater volumes of smoke and hold it for longer periods. Research reveals that marijuana smokers are more susceptible to bullous disease as compared to cigarette teen smokers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Addiction among other health hazards associated to marijuana outlines that marijuana use affects both the user and their family members. ASAM is concerned since they see that the current discussion is only concerned with reforms to the ongoing marijuana policy and less concerned with detrimental impact of marijuana consumption. Harmful health and safety impacts of marijuana will be of great importance in the decision making in the development a marijuana policy with an aim of improving public health. Objectives of marijuana legalization   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Legalization of marijuana is considered as a public and safety measure aimed at reducing drug-associated crimes and as a remedy to harm caused by marijuana control such as incarceration among others. Advocators of marijuana believe that legalization of marijuana will reduce illegal marijuana trade and violent crimes associated with the illegal trade. They also believe that it will be a source of revenue as well as reduce cost of law enforcement. There is an ongoing research to investigate the impact of marijuana legalization in United States. Prohibition of drugs such as marijuana increases costs of businesses operations due to violence involved to the illegal drug trafficking. The price of marijuana is expected to reduce to 80% since the social price depend on regulation and taxes. Retrieved from http://www.asam.org/policies/state-level-proposals-to-legalize-marijuana   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   RAND research reveals that marijuana legalization I California would not reduce drug trafficking as well as violence associated with illegal drug trafficking. Research reveals that diverted marijuana from legalized production in a given country affects all the others since it would lead to reduction of marijuana across that country. Price elasticity of marijuana under legalized plan is complicated since addictive substances behave differently from non-addictive substances. Marijuana legalization will change it from being luxury for first time users to basic necessity to the marijuana addicted persons. Legalization of marijuana is likely to be accompanied by legal advertisement of commercial use marijuana this is likely to increase marijuana consumption. Although most research were carried to investigate effect of marijuana legalization in California, the findings might also apply in another state. Legalization of marijuana might cause effe cts to the taxes, prices, markets as well as spilling over their effects to the neighboring countries. Legalizing marijuana might be a right step since it will substantiate impact of violent related to illegal drug trafficking. It is also believed that public health problems of criminal justice interventions exceed their benefits. This leads to the question as to whether legalization proposals should be passed and amended. Lessening toughness to marijuana use might not be so much fruitful since there can be little or no reduction in the level of substantial costs and incarceration rates (Morgan, 2011). Negative impact of legalizing marijuana   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Any state considering altering legal condition of marijuana should consider the health hazard involved as well as the profit of coping up with criminalization of marijuana use and sale. Legal drug use provides evidence that it is national public health issue. Legal drugs recently cause a havoc on public health sector since it results to substantial health and financial burden. Legalizing marijuana is likely to lead to an increase in the social costs due to taxes imposed due to the sale of the drugs. The cost of coming up with a regulatory plan for legal marijuana is also unknown. Although legalization of marijuana might be aimed at increasing funding for prevention, addiction and treatment of commercial activities linked to legal marijuana. Health effects of gradual increase use of marijuana would rise sharply. It is also likely that legalization of marijuana will be accompanied by increase in number of marijuana related issues such as dri ving under marijuana influence, violations in act regulating age limits as well as public use violations. Research reveals that marijuana is the most famous drug associated to drugged driving. Fatal injuries, crashes and even deaths are commonly linked to habitual marijuana use. Drugged driving will raise the cost of injuries, loss of lives and crashes. Decreased highway safety is a major negative impact of marijuana legalization (Gerber et al, 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   American Academy of Pediatrics predicted that legalizing marijuana will result to increased use of marijuana amongst the youth. The fact is that there is a positive relationship between drug use and availability. Advocators of the policy should consider detrimental effects of marijuana availability to the society if the law was passed and amended. There will be an increased incidents of marijuana related cases, addiction as well as the regulatory cost that will be passed to the public in form of taxes. International context   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The advocators of marijuana legalization policy usually come from experience from nations with less strict policies on drug use. It should not be understood that no country has ever legalized marijuana. Most countries use decriminalization policies where they have a specific limit of marijuana or a given drug use for personal purposes while drug use for commercial services remains illegal. In a country like Netherlands, commercial drug businesses are illegal and are constrained with criminal sanctions. Other than being arrested, drug users are put in check by the Commission for the Dissuasion of Drug Abuse (CDT). This commission dispenses the appropriate punitive measures to the drug user where some are withdrawn if they obtain treatment against addiction. A country may be penalized for imposing such a policy to the citizens. For example, recently there was a proposal that Uruguay government would sell marijuana for personal use to the pub lic. However, the fate of this proposed law is not clear. In addition, if the law was to be passed Uruguay would be fined by the United Nations International Narcotics Control Board for going against the United Nations Single Convention of 1961. ASAM encourage exhaustive study and evaluation of distinct drug laws and programs both local and international which will enlighten the public on future strategies that aim at enhancing public health. Retrieved from http://www.asam.org/policies/state-level-proposals-to-legalize-marijuana 2012 State-Level proposals on marijuana legalization   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Several states such as Oregon, Colorado and Washington brought up proposals to legalize marijuana. For instance, Colorado Amendment 64 also known as Regulate Marijuana Like Alcohol Act, if passed the policy would legalize possession, purchase, use, transport and display certain amount of marijuana by people aged 21 years and above. The state will be responsible for regulation of marijuana sector via licensure of manufacturing, cultivation and retail stores and testing facilities. The Oregon Cannabis Tax Act if passed would bring up Oregon Cannabis Commission to regulate cultivation and sale of marijuana to people aged 21 years and above. The Washington State Initiative Measure No. 502, if passed it would regulate and license marijuana distribution, possession and production to people aged 21 years and above. Washington policy would also withdraw civil and criminal activities authorized by the policy. Upon passing these policies, would chan ge everything for example, it would change marijuana from being luxury to first time users to personal use, it will also accelerate tax collection, and commercial use and sale of marijuana. The full impact of effect of legalizing marijuana are unknown (Morgan, 2011). Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is great need of considering public health consequences of a policy before proposing to make changes. There are more negative consequences linked to marijuana legalization as compared to the benefits that advocators think of. People are called upon to study various polices and programs so that they can be able to make appropriate policies that aim at improving the public health of citizens. The legalization policy will make marijuana more accessible thus increasing the risk to the youths who might fall in the trap of consuming the drugs. Marijuana legalization will also lead to an increased activities associated to marijuana such as drugged driving which leads to loss of lives, injuries and crashes. Recommendations   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I oppose proposals to legalize use of marijuana in any of the states in America. There is more harm than good of implementing this policy. The predicted public health costs associated to marijuana legalization are high and hurt the citizens and the public policymakers. Health professionals and physicians should enlighten people on the probable effects of implementing such a policy. Marijuana is associated to a lot of negative effects and thus should not be legalized. The following should be recommended: The public should be enlightened that addiction to marijuana is a public health concern and marijuana is not safe to consume. The physicians should lead the war against legalization of marijuana. The parents should be enlightened on the dangers of making marijuana accessible to their teenage children through legalization of such a policy References Gerber, R. J. (2004). Legalizing marijuana: drug policy reform and prohibition politics. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. Morgan, K. (2011). Legalizing marijuana. Edina, MN: ABDO Pub. Co.. State-Level Proposals to Legalize Marijuana. (n.d.). State-Level Proposals to Legalize Marijuana. Retrieved May 6, 2014, from http://www.asam.org/policies/state-level-proposals-to-legalize-marijuana Source document